Carbonatites of India
Authors
-
Formerly Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Department of Atomic Energy, Begumpet, Hyderabad - 500 016
P. Krishnamurthy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1281-yKeywords:
No Keywords.Abstract
Based on the field relations, associated rock types and age, the carbonatite-alkaline rock complexes of India, that are spatially related to deep main faults, rifts and shear zones, have been classified in to two major groups, namely: 1. Middle – late Cretaceous, subvolcanic–volcanic complexes (Amba Dongar, Siriwasan, Swangkre, Mer-Mundwara, Sarnu-Dandali-Kamthai) and 2. Paleo-Neoproterozoic plutonic complexes (Newania, Sevathur, Samalpatti, Hogenakal, Kollegal, Pakkanadu, Udaiyapatti, Munnar, and Khambamettu). The middle Cretaceous Sung Valley and Samchampi complexes also belong to this plutonic group. Three minor associations, belonging to these two age groups include, the Neoproterzoic, late stage veins of carbonatites in peralkaline syenite complexes (e.g., Kunavaram, Elchuru), the diamond-bearing carbonatite and kimberlite at Khaderpet and the lamprophyre-lamproite association (e.g., Pachcham Is. Upper Cretaceous, Deccan Volcanic Province, and the Proterozoic Chitrangi Group). Petrological associations include carbonatite-nephelinite-phonolite (e.g. Amba Dongar, Sarnu-Dandali-Kamthai), dunite-peridotite-pyroxenite-ijolitemelilitite (e.g. Sung Valley), miaskitic syenite-pyroxenite ± dunite (e.g. Sevathur, Samalpatti, Pakkanadu), carbonatite alone with fenites (e.g. Newania), besides those minor associations mentioned above. Sovites (calico-carbonatites) occur as the most dominant type in some ten (10) complexes. Beforsite (magnesio-carbonatite) is the dominant type at Newania and ankeritic-sideritic types are mainly found at Amba Dongar, Siriwasan and Newania. The rare benstonite-bearing carbonatites are found at Jokkipatti and Udaiyapatti in Tamil Nadu. Mineralogically and chemically the carbonatites show considerable diversity. Fenitised zones and types of fenites (Na, K and mixed) vary widely since the carbonatites are emplaced in a variety of host-rocks ranging from granitic, mafic, ultramafic, charnockitic types besides basalts and sandstones. Stable (δ13C and δ18O) and radiogenic (Sr, Nd and Pb) isotopes clearly indicate their mantle origin and also the diverse types of sources (both depleted HIMU and enriched EM 1 and 2). Petrogenetic considerations reveal three types of carbonatites, namely direct partial melts from metasomatised mantle (e.g. Newania), liquid immiscibility from carbonatite-nephelinite association (e.g. Amba Dongar) and through fractionation of ultra-alkaline ultramafic and mafic association (e.g. Sung Valley). Carbonatites of India that host significant resources include Amba Dongar (Fluorite, REE, Nb, P, Ba, Sr), Kamthai (REE), Sevathur (Nb, P, vermiculite), Beldih (P, Fe), Sung Valley (P, Nb, REE, Fe) and Samchampi (P, Nb, Fe, REE).
Downloads
Metrics
Issue
Section
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
References
Ackerman, L., Magna, T., Rapprich, V., Upadhyay, D., Kratky, O., Èejková, B., Erban, V, Kochergina, Y.V., and Hrstka, T. (2017) Contrasting petrogenesis of spatially related carbonatites fromSamalpatti and Sevattur, Tamil Nadu, India. Lithos, v. 284-285, pp. 257-275.
Anantharamu, T.R., Nagarjunarao, K.N., Manjunath, A., Shafeeq Ahmed., Gandhiprasad, T.K., Gopalreddy, T., Venkatadasu, S.P., Sugavanam, E. B. (1995) Carbonatites around Ajjipuram, Kollegal taluk, Karnataka. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 46, pp. 663-338.
Andersen, T. (1989) Carbonatite-related contact metasomatism in the Fen complex, Norway: effects and petrogenic implications. Mineral. Mag., v. 53(372), pp. 395–414.
Anil Kumar and Gopalan, K. (1991) Precise Rb-Sr age and enriched mantle source of the Sevathur carbonatites, Tamil Nadu, South India. Curr. Sci., v. 60(11), pp. 653-654.
Anil Kumar., Charan, S.N., Gopalan, K. and MacDougall, J.D. (1998) A longlived, enriched mantle source for two Proterozoic carbonatite complexes from Tamil Nadu, southern India. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., v. 62(3), pp. 515-523.
Balakrishnan, P., Bhattacharya, S. and Anil Kumar.(1985) Carbonatite body near Khambamettu, Tamilnadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 26, pp. 418-421.
Banerjee, A. and Chakrabarti, R. (2019) A geochemical and Nd, Sr and stable Ca isotopic study of carbonatites and associated silicate rocks from the Ma old carbonatite complex and the Phenai Mata igneous complex, Gujarat, India: Implications for crustal contamination, carbonate recycling, hydrothermal alteration and source-mantle mineralogy. Lithos, v. 326–327, pp. 572–585.
Basu, S.K. (1993) Alkaline-carbonatite complex in the Precambrian of South Purulia shear zone, Eastern India: its characteristics and mineral potentialities. Indian Minerals, v. 47(3), pp. 179-194.
Basu, S.K. (2003) Petrogenetic model for the evolution of alkaline carbonatite complex along Tamapahar-Porapahr shear zone in north Singhbhum Proterozoic mobile belt, Eastern India and its metallogenic aspects. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 62, pp. 250-252.
Basu, A.R., Rene, P.R., Das Gupta, D.K., Teichmann, F. and Poreda, R.J. (1993). Early and late igneous pulses and high 3H plume origin of Deccan Flood Basalts. Science, v. 261, pp. 902-906.
Basu, S.K. and Bhattacharya, T. (2014). Petrography and Mineral chemistry of alkaline carbonatite complex in Singhbhum crustal province, Purulia region, Eastern India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 83, pp. 54-70.
Bell, K. (1998) Radiogenic isotope constraints on relationships between carbonatites and associated silicate rocks – a brief review. Jour Petrol., v. 39(11 & 12), pp. 1987-1996.
Bhushan, S.K. and Chandrasekaran, V. (2002) Geology and geochemistry of the magmatic rocks of the Malani igneous suite and tertiary volcanic province of western Rajasthan. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v. 126, 179p.
Bhushan, S.K. and Kumar, A. (2013) First Carbonatite Hosted REE Deposit from India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 81, pp. 41-60.
Blanford, W.T. (1869) Geology of Tapti and Narbada Valleys. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v. 6, pt.3, pp.163-384.
Borodin, L.S., Gopal, V., Moralev, V.M., Subramanian, V., and Ponikrov, V. (1971) Precambrian carbonatites of Tamil Nadu, South India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 12, pp.101-112.
Bose, M.K., Randle. K., Ghosh Roy, A.K. (1976) Carbonatites from Kunavaram and Eluchuru alkalic complexes, Andhra Pradesh. Group Discussions on the Carbonatite-Kimberlite complexes of India (Abstracts), Bangalore, p. 20.
Bose, P.N. (1884) Geology of the Lower Narbada (Narmada) Valley between Nimár and Káwant. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v. 21, pp. 1-72.
Brögger, W.G. (1921)Die eruptivegestein des kristianiagebietes, IV. Das fengebiet in Telemark. Norvegen. Nature. Klasse, v. 9, pp. 150–167.
Brooker, R.A. and Kjarsgaard, B.A. (2011) Silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility and phase relations in the system SiO2-Na2O-Al2O3-CaOCO2 at 0.1-2.5 GPa with applications to carbonatite genesis. Jour. Petrol., v. 52(7-8), pp. 1 281- 1305.
Burtseva, M. V., Ripp, G. S., Doroshkevich, A. G., , Viladkar, S.G., and Ram Mohan, V. (2013) Features of Mineral and Chemical Composition of the Khamambettu Carbonatites, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 81, pp. 655-664.
Chakhmouradian, A.R., Mumin, A.H., Demény, A., Elliott, B. (2008) Postorogenic carbonatites at Eden Lake, Trans-Hudson Orogen (northern Manitoba, Canada): geological setting, mineralogy and geochemistry. Lithos, v. 103, pp. 503–526.
Chakrabarty, A. and Sen, A.K. (2010) Enigmatic Association of the Carbonatite and Alkali-pyroxenite along the Northern Shear Zone, Purulia, West Bengal: A Saga of Primary Magmatic Carbonatite. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 76, pp. 403-413.
Chakraborti, M. K. and Bose, M.K. (1978) Theralite-melteigite-carbonatite association in Mer ring of Mundwara suite, Sirohi district, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 19, pp. 454-463.
Chandra, J., Paul, D., Viladkar, S.G. and Sen Sarma, S. (2017) Origin of the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, India and its possible linkage with the Deccan Large Igneous Province. In: S. Sensarma and B.C. Storey (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces from Gondwana and Adjacent Regions. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., No. 463, pp.1 37-169.
Chandrasekaran, V., and Srivastava, R.K. (1992) Geochemistry of SamuDandalic carbonatites, District Barmer, Rajasthan, India, Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 39, pp. 321-328,
Chandrasekaran, V., Srivastava, R.K. and Chawade, M.P. (1990) Geochemistry of the Alkaline Rocks of Sarnu-Dandali Area, District Barmer, Rajasthan, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 36, pp. 365-382.
Chattopadhyay, N. and Hashimi, S. (1984) The Sung Valley alkaline-ultramaficcarbonatite complex, East Khasi and Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, v. 113, pt. 4, pp. 24-33.
Chetty, T.R. K.(2017). Proterozoic orogens of India. A Critican Window to Gondwana. Elsevier Inc. Netherlands. 405p.
Crawford, A.R. (1978) Narmada-Son lineament of India traced in to Madagascar. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 19, pp. 144-153.
Dalton, J.A. and Presnall, D.C. (1998) The Continuum of Primary Carbonatitic– Kimberlitic Melt Compositions in Equilibrium with Lherzolite: Data from the System CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–CO2 at 6 GPa. Jour. Petrol., v. 39, pp. 1953-1964.
Dar, K.K. (1964) Some geological data on Atomic Energy minerals in India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 5, pp. 122-130.
Deans, T., and Powell, J. (1968) Trace element sand strontium isotopes in carbonatites, fluorites and limestones from India and Pakistan. Nature, v. 218, pp. 750-752.
Deans, T., Sukheswala, R.N., Sethna, S.F., Viladkar, S.G. (1972) Metasomatic feldspar rocks (potash fenites) associated with the and fluorite deposit and carbonatites of Amba Dongar, Gujarat, India. Trans. Inst. Min. and Metall., Sec. B, v. 82, pp. 33-40.
Deines, P. (1989) Stable isotope variations in carbonatites. In: Bell, K. (Ed.), Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman Inc.,Winchester, Massachusetts, pp. 301–359.
Desikachar, S.V. (1974) A review of the tectonic and geological history of eastern India in terms of plate-tectonic theory. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 15, pp. 137-149.
Dhirendra Kumar, Mamallan, R. and Saravanan, B. (1989) Petrology and geochemistry of the Samchampi alkaline carbonatite complex, Mikir Hills, Assam, India. Explor. Res. At. Min. v. 2, pp. 183-199.
Doroshkevich, A.G., Viladkar, S.G., Ripp, G.S., Burtseva, M.V. (2009) Hydrothermal REE mineralization in the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, Gujarat, India. Can. Mineral., v. 47, pp. 1105–1116
Doroshkevich, A.G., Ripp, G., Viladkar, S.G. (2010) Newania carbonatites, Western India: example of mantle derived magnesium carbonatites. Mineral. Petrol., v. 98, pp. 283–295.
Eckermann, V.H. (1948) The alkaline district of Alno Island. Sver. Geol. Under Ser., Ca No. 36.
Elliott, H.A.L., Wall, F., Chakhmouradian, A.R., Siegfried, P.R., Dahlgren, S., Weatherley, S., Finch, A.A., Marks, M.A.W., Dowman, E. and Deady, E. (2018) Fenites associated with carbonatite complexes: A review. Ore Geol. Rev., v. 93, pp. 38–59.
Evans, P (1964) The tectonic framework of Assam. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 5, pp. 80-96.
Fermor, L.L. (1936) An attempt at the correlation of the ancient schistose formations of Peninsular India. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v.70, Part 1 and 2, pp. 1-218.
Ghatak, A., Basu, A.R., (2013) Isotopic and trace element geochemistry of alkali-mafic-ultramafic-carbonatite complexes and flood basalt in NE India: Origin in a heterogeous Kergulen plume. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 115, pp. 46-72.
Gittins J, and Jago, B.C. (1998) Differentiation of natrocarbonatite magma at Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania. Mineral. Mag., v.62, pp. 759-768.
Grady, J.C. (1971) Deep main faults in south India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 12, pp. 56-62.
Guzmics, T., Mitchell, R.H., Szabó, C., Berkesi, M., Milke, R., and Ratter, K. (2012) Liquid immiscibility between silicate, carbonate and sulfde melts in melt inclusions hosted in co-precipitated minerals from Kerimasi volcano (Tanzania): Evolution of carbonated nephelinitic magma. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v. 164, pp. 101–122, doi:10.1007/s00410-012-0728-6.
Gwalani, L.G., Rock, N.M.S., Chang, W.J., Fernandez, S., Allegre, C.J., and Prinzhofer, A. (1993) Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of Amba Dongar and adjacent areas, Deccan Igneous Province, Gujarat, India: 1. Geology, Petrography and Petrochemistry. Mineral. Petrol., v. 47, pp. 219-253.
Hari, K.R., Satish Kumar, M., Santosh, M., and Rai, S.K. (1998) Petrology, geochemistry and stable isotopes studies of carbonate-rich dyke-like bodies, Chhaktalao area, Madhya Pradesh. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 52, pp. 591-595.
Harmer, R.E. (1999) The petrogenetic association of carbonatite and alkaline magmatism: constraints from the Spitskop Complex, South Africa. Jour. Petrol., v. 40(4), pp. 525-548.
Heaman, L.M., Srivastava, R.K. and Sinha, A.K. (2002) A precise U-Pb zircon/baddeleyite age for the Jasra igneous complex, Karbi-Anglong district, Assam, NE India. Curr. Sci., v. 82, pp. 744-748.
Heinrich, E. Wm. (1966) The geology of Carbonatites. Rand McNally and Co., Chicago. 555p.
Heinrich, E. Wm. (1985) Infinite variations on a fenite theme. Indian Mineralogist, Sukheswala Volume, pp. 151-162.
Hoda, S.Q. and Krishnamurthy, P. (2014) Geochemistry, mineralogy and economic aspects of the titano-hematite rock of the Samchampi carbonatite alkaline rock complex, Karbi-Anglong District, Assam, India. Jour. Appld. Geochem., v. 14, pp. 132-141.
Hoda, S.Q. and Krishnamurthy, P. (2016) Studies on residual soil geochemistry in the evaluation of Niobium within Samchampi alkaline carbonatite complex, Karbi Anglong District, Assam, India. Appld. Geochem., v. 18, pp. 111-118.
Hoda, S.Q. and Krishnamurthy, P. (2017) Geochemistry, mineralogy and economic aspects of the phosphatic rocks of the Samchampi alkaline carbonatite complex, Karbi Anglong District, Assam, India. Appld. Geochem., v. 19, pp. 21-28.
Hopp, J., and Viladkar, S.G. (2018) Noble gas composition of Indian carbonatites (Amba Dongar, Siriwasan): Implications on mantle source compositions and late stage hydrothermal processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 492, pp. 186-196.
Hulett, S.R.W., Simonetti, A., Rasbury, E.T.,m and Hemming, G. (2016). Recycling of subducted crustal components into carbonatite melts revealed by boron isotopes. Nature Geoscience, Advance Online Publication. www.nature.com/naturegeoscience .
Jones, A.P., Genge, M., and Carmody, L. (2013) Carbonate Melts and Carbonatites. Rev. Mineral. Geochem., v. 75, pp. 289-322.
Kapustin, Y.L. (1980) Mineralogy of carbonatites.Smithsonian Institution and National Science Foundation, Washington (Translated from Russian), 259p.
Keller, J. and Hoefs, J. (1995). Stable isotope characteristics of the natrocarbonatites from Oldoinyo Lengai. In: Bell, K. & Keller, J. (Eds.), Carbonatite Volcanism: Oldoinyo Lengai and Petrogenesis of Natrocarbonatites. IAVCEI Proc. of Volcanology. IAVCEI, pp. 113–123.
Khandelwal. M.K., Maithani, P.B., Pant, P.C., Hansda, P.K., and Ramachandran S. (1997) Geological and geochemical studies on carbonatites and rocks of carbonatitic (?) affinity from areas north of the narmada lineament in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 50, pp. 307-313.
Krishnamurty, P. (1977) On some geochemical aspects of the Sevathur carbonatite complex, North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 18, pp. 265-274.
Krishnamurthy, P. (1985). Petrology of the carbonatites and associated rocks of Sung Valley, Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 26, pp. 361-379.
Krishnamurthy, P. (1988) Carbonatites of India. Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals, v. 1, pp. 81-115.
Krishnamurthy, P. (2008) Carbonatites of India: in retrospect and prospect. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, No. 73, pp. 421-434.
Krishnamurthy, P., and Cox, K.G. (1980) A potassium-rich alkali suite from the Deccan Traps, Rajpipla, India. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v. 73, pp. 179-189.
Krishnamurthy, P., Hoda, S.Q. Hoda., Sinha, R.P., Banerjee, and Dwivedy, K. K. (2000) Economic aspects of carbonatites of India. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v. 18, pp. 229-235.
Krishnamurthy, P. Raymond, R.D. and Viladkar, S.G. (2018) Report on the International Seminar on Carbonatites-Alkaline Rocks. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 91, pp. 259-260.
Le Bas, M.J. (2008) Fenites associated with carbonatites. Can. Mineral., v. 46, pp. 915–932.
Le Bas, M.J., Subba Rao, K.V. and Walsh, J.N. (2002) Metacarbonatite or marble? - the case of the carbonate, pyroxenite, calcite–apatite rock complex at Borra, Eastern Ghats, India. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.20, pp. 127-140.
Le Maitre, R.W., compiler (2002) Igneous Rocks: a Classification and Glossary of Terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Leelanandam, C., Burke, K., Ashwal L.D. and Webb, S. J. (2006) Proterozoic mountain building in peninsular India:an analysis based primarily on alkaline rock distribution. Geol. Mag., v. 143, pp. 195–212.
Mariano, A.N. (1989) Economic mineral deposits in carbonatites. In: Bell, K. (Ed.), Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin and Hyman, London., pp. 149-176.
Melluso, L., Srivastava, R.K., Guarino, V., and Zanetti, A. (2005) Mineral compositions andpetrogenetic evolution of the ultramafic-alkalinecarbonatite complex of Sung Valley, Northeastern India. Canadian Min., v. 48, pp. 205-225.
Minarik, W.G. (1998) Complications to Carbonate Melt Mobility due to the Presence of an Immiscible Silicate Melt. Jour. Petrol., v. 39, pp. 1965-1973.
Mitchell, R. H. (2005) Carbonatites, carbonatites and carbonatites. Canadian Mineralogist, v. 43, pp. 2049-2068.
Miyazaki, T., Kagami, H., Mohan, V.R., Shuto, K., Morikiyo, T. (2001) Evolution of South Indian enriched lithospheric mantle: evidence from the Yelagiri and Sevattur alkaline plutonsin Tamil Nadu, South India. In: Vladykin (Ed.), Alkaline magmatism and the problems of mantle sources, Irkutsk, pp. 197-212.
Moralev, V.M., Voronovski, S. N. and Borodin, L.S. (1975) New findings about the ages of carbonatites and syenites from Southern India. U.S.S.R. Acad. Sci. v. 222, pp. 46-48.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Ray. J. S., Chattopadhyay, B. and Sengupta, S. (2011) Significance ofmineral chemistry of syenites and associated rocks ofElagiri complex, Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian Shield. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 77, pp. 113-129.
Murthy, T.V.V.G.R.K. and Mishra, S.K. (1981) The Narmada – Son lineament and the structure of the Narmada rift system. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 22, pp. 112-120.
Nag, S., Sengupta, S.K., Gaur, R.K. and Absar, A. (1999) Alkaline rocks of DSamchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), v. 108, pp. 33-48.
Naidu, G.D. (2012) Deep Crustal Structure of the Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament, Central India. Springer Thesis. 147p.
Nair, N.G.K., Santosh, M. and Thampi, P. K. (1984) Alkali granite –syenitecarbonatite association in Munnar, Kerala, India. Proc. Indian Acad.Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), v. 93, pp. 149-158.
Nambiar, A.R. and Golani, P.R. (1985) A new find of carbonatite from Meghalaya. Curr. Sci., v. 93, pp. 281-282.
Nanda, L.K., Verma, M.B., Purohit, R.K., Khandelwal, M.K., Rai, S.D., and Mundra, K.L. (2017) LREE and Nb multi-metal potentiality of Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, Chhota Udepur district, Gujarat. In: S.G.
Viladkar, Raymond Duraiswamy and P. Krishnamurthy (Eds.), International Seminar "Carbonatites-alkaline rocks and associated mineral deposits” Amba Dongar, India. December 8-11, 2017, (Abstract Vol., pp. 43-44).
Narayan Das, G.R., Bagchi, A.K., Chaube, D.N., Sharma, C.V., Navaneethan, V. (1978) Rare ml!tal contents. geology and tectonic setting of the alkaline complexes across the Trans-Aravalli Region, Rajasthan. Recent. Res. Geoi. v. 7, pp. 201-219.
Narayan Das., G.R., Sharma, C.V. and Navaneetham, K.V. (1982) Carbonatitealkaline complex of Mundwara. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 23, pp. 604-609.
Natarajan, M., Bhaskar Rao, B., Parthasarathy, R., Anil Kumar and Gopalan, K. (1994) 2.0 Ga old pyroxenite-carbonatite complex of Hogenakal, Tamil Nadu, South India. Precambrian Res., v. 65, pp. 167-181.
O'Reilly, S.Y. and Griffin, W.L. (2000) Apatite in the mantle: implications for metasomatic processes and high heat production in Phanerozoic mantle. Lithos, v. 53, pp. 217-232.
Palmer, D.A.S., Williams-Jones, A.E. (1996) Genesis of the carbonatite-hosted fluorite deposit at Amba Dongar, India: evidence from fluid inclusions, stable isotopes, and whole rock-mineral geochemistry. Econ. Geol., v. 91, pp. 934–950.
Pande, K., Cucciniello, C., Sheth, H., Vijayan, A., Sharma, K.K., Purohit, R., Jagadeesan, K.C., and Shinde, S. (2016) Polychronus (early Cretaceous to Palaeogene) emplacement of the Mundwara alkaline complex, Rajasthan, India: 40 Ar/39Ar geochronology and geodynamics. Int. Jour.
Earth Science. (online). DOI 10.1007/s00531-016-1362-8 Pandit, M.K., Sial, A.N., Sukumaran, G.B. and Pimental, M.M.P. (2002) Depleted and enriched mantle sources for Paleo- and Neoproterozoic carbonatites of southern India: Sr, Nd, C–O isotopic and geochemical constraints. Chemical Geol., v. 189, pp. 69–89.
Pandit, M.K., Kumar, M., Sial, A.N., Sukumaran, G.B., Piementle, M. and Ferreira, V.P. (2016) Geochemistry and C–O and Nd–Sr isotope characteristics of the 2.4 Ga Hogenakkal carbonatites from the South Indian Granulite Terrane: evidence for an end-Archaean depleted component and mantle heterogeneity. Internat. Geol. Rev., v. 58, pp. 1461-1480.
Phadke, A.V. and Jhingran, A.G. (1968) On the carbonatites at Nerwania, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 9, pp. 165-169.
Potter, N.J., Kamenetsky, V.S., Simonetti, A., and Goemann, K. (2017) Different types of liquid immiscibility in carbonatite magmas: A case study of the Oldoinyo Lengai 1993 lava and melt inclusions. Chemical Geol., v. 455, pp. 376-384.
Radhakrishna, B.P. (1968) Geomorphological approach to the charnockite problem. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 9, pp. 67-74.
Ramakrishnan, M., Mallikarjuna, C., and Ballal, N.R. (1973) Carbonatite dyke in Mysore State. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 14, pp. 200-201.
Ramakrishnan, M. and Vaidyanadhan, R. (2008) Geology of India. Geological Society of India, Bangalore, v. 1, 555p.
Ramaswamy, R. (2018) Crystallization, Fractionation and Solidificationof Co-Magmatic Alkaline Series Sequentially Emplaced in the Carbonatite Complex of Tiruppattur, Tamil Nadu, India, No. 20, Web of Science, Core collection, pp. 534-564.
Rao, C.S., Narayana Das, G.R., Krishnaiah Setty, B., and Perumal, N.V.A.S. (1978) Radioactive carbonatites of Pakkanadu and Mulakkadu, Salem district, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 19, pp. 53-63.
Rao, K.N. (1976) Sovite from Eluchuru, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. Group Discussions on the Carbonatite-Kimberlite complexes of India (Abstracts), Bangalore, p.19.
Ratnakar, J. and Leelanandam, C. (1989) Petrology of the alkaline pluton from the eastern and southern Peninsular India. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, No. 15, pp. 145-176.
Ray, A., Paul, D.K., Sen, G. and Biswas, .K. (2014) Carbonatite-silicate immiscible melt inclusion in lamprophyre from Kutch, western India: Implication for plume-lithosphere interaction and initiation of Deccan Trap magmatism. Geophys. Res. Abstracts, v. 16, pp. 1503.
Ray, J.R., Trivedi, J.R. and Dayal, D.M. (2000) Strontium isotopic systematics of Amba Dongar and Sung Valley carbonatite complexes, India: evidence for liquid immiscibility, crustal contamination and long lived Rb/Sr enriched mantle source. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v. 18, pp. 585-594.
Ray, J.R. and Ramesh, R. (2006) Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic compositionsof Indian Carbonatites. Internat. Geol. Rev., v. 48, pp. 17– 45.
Ray, Jyotiranjan, S., Kanchan Pande, Rajneesh Bhutani, Anil D. Shukla, Vinai K. Rai, Alok Kumar, Neeraj Awasthi, Smitha, R.S., Dipak K. Panda (2013) Age and geochemistry of the Newania dolomite carbonatites, India: implications for the source of primary carbonatite magma. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v. 166, pp. 1613–1632.
Ray, J.S., and Pande K. (1999) Carbonatite-alkaline magmatism associated with continental flood basalts at stratigraphic boundaries: Cause for mass extinctions: Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 26, pp. 1917–1920.
Ray, J.S., Ramesh, R. and Pande, K. (1999) Carbon isotopes in Kerguelen plume-derived carbonatites: evidence for recycled carbon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 170, pp. 205-214.
Ray, J.S. and Shukla, P. N. (2004) Trace element geochemistry of Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, India: Evidence for fractional crystallization and silicate-carbonate melt immiscibility. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), v. 113(4), pp. 519–531.
Renjith, M.L., Santosh, M., Satyanarayanan, M., Subba Rao, D.V., and Li Tang (2016) Multiple rifting and alkaline magmatism in southern India during Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. Tectonophysics, v. 680, pp. 233–253
Roedder, E. (1973) Fluid inclusion from the fluorite deposits associated with carbonatite at Amba Dongar, India and Okorusu, SW Africa. Trans. Inst. Min. Metal., Sec.B, v. 82, pp. 35-39.
Rukhlov, A.S., Bell, K. and Amelin, Y., (2015) Carbonatites, isotopes and evolution of the subcontinental mantle: An overview. In: Simandl, G.J. and Neetz, M., (Eds.), Symposium on Strategic and Critical Materials Proceedings, November 13-14, 2015,Victoria, British Columbia, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2015-3, pp. 39-64.
Sadiq, M., Ranjith, A. and Umrao, R.K. (2014) REE Mineralization in the Carbonatites of the Sung Valley Ultramafic-Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex, Meghalaya, India. Cent. European Jour. Geosci. v.6(4), pp. 457-475.
Saha, A., Ganguly, S., Ray, J.S. and Chaterjee, N. (2010). Evaluation of phase chemistry and petrochemical aspects of Samchampi–Samteran differentiated alkaline complex ofMikir Hills, northeastern India. Jour. Earth Syst. Sci., v. 19, pp. 675–699.
Saha, A., Ganguly, S., Ray, J., Koeberl, C., Thöni, M., Sarbajna, C., Sawant, S.S. (2017) Petrogenetic evolution of Cretaceous Samchampi-Samteran Alkaline Complex, Mikir Hills, Northeastern India: Implications on multiple melting events of heterogeneous plume and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Gondwana Res., v. 48; pp. 237-256.
Samoilov, V.S. (1991) The main geochemtcal feature of carbonatites. Jour. Gcochem. Expl., v. 40, pp. 251-262.
Sant, D.A., Karanth, R.V., and Jhadav, P.C. (1991) A note on the occurrence of carbonatite dykes in the lower Narmada valley. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 37, pp. 119-127.
Santosh, M., Thampi, P.K., Iyer, S.S., Vasconcellos, M.B.A. (1987) Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Munnar. Carbonatite, Central Kerala. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 29, pp. 335-343.
Sarkar, A., Datta, A.K., Poddar, B.C., Bhattacharyya, B.K., Kollapuri, V.K. and Sanwal, R. (1996) Geochronological studies of Mesozoic igneous rocks from eastern India: Jour. South Asian Earth Sci., v. 13, pp. 77–81.
Saravanan and Ramaswamy, R. (1975) Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Shonkinite andAssociated Alkaline rocks of Tiruppattur Carbonatite Complex, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 46, pp. 235-243.
Schleicher, H. (2019) In-situ Determination of Trace Element and REE Partitioning in a Natural Apatite-Carbonatite Melt System using Synchrotron XRF Microprobe Analysis. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 93, pp. 305-312.
Schleicher, H., Todt, W., Viladkar, S.G. and Schmidt, F. (1997) Pb/Pb age determinations on the Newania and Sevattur carbonatites of India: evidence for multi-stage histories. Chemical Geol., v. 140, pp. 261-273.
Schleicher, H., Kramm, U., Pernicka, E., Schidlowski, M., Schmidt, F., Subramanian, V., Todt, W. and Viladkar, S.G. (1998) Enriched subcontinental upper mantle beneath southern India: Evidence from Pb, Nd, Sr, and C-O isotopic studies on Tamil Nadu carbonatites. Jour. Petrol., v. 39, pp. 1765-1785.
Semenov, E.I., Upendran, R., and Subramanian, V. (1978) Rare earth minerals of carbonatites of Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 19, pp. 550-557.
Sen, A.K. (1999) Origin of the Sung Valley Carbonatite Complex, Meghalaya, India: Major Element Geochemistry Constraints. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 53, pp. 285-297.
Senthilkumar, P., Parthasarathy, G., Das Sharma, S., Srinivasan, S. and Krishnamurthy, P. (2001) Mineralogical and Geochemical Study on Carbonate Veins of the Salem-Attur Fault Zone, Southern India: evidence for carbonatitic affinity. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 58, pp. 15-26.
Sesha Sai, V.V. and Sengupta, S.K. (2017) Resorbed forsterite in the carbonatite from the Cretaceous Sung Valley Complex, Meghalaya, NE India – Implications forcrystal-melt interaction from textural studies Jour. Indian Geophys. Union, v. 21(4), pp. 292-297.
Sethna, S.F. and Borges, S.M. (1981) Petrology of the Carbonatites and Associated Alkaline Rocks of Siriwasan, Cahota Udaipur. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 22, pp. 417-425.
Sethna, S.F. and Christopher, P.R. D'Sa. (1991) Ijolite with veinlets of carbonatite intbe Deccan Trap at Murud-Janjira, Maharashtra,. India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 37, pp. 257-263.
Sharma, S.R., Devendranath, T. and Jayaram, M.S. (1971) Carbonatites from the nepheline syenite near Kunavaram, Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 12, p. 89.
Shastry, A. and Santosh Kumar (1996) Trace and Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of Alkaline Rocks of Sarnu-Dandali, Barmer, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 48, pp. 663-670.
Sheik Yusuf and Saraswat, A.C. (1977) A preliminary note on the carbonaites of Wah Sung Valley of Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya. Curr. Sci., v. 46, pp. 703-704.
Sheth, H., Pande, K., Vijayan, A., Sharma, K. K., and Cucciniello, C. (2017). Recurrent Early Cretaceous Indo-Madagascar (89-86 Ma) and Deccan (66 Ma) alkaline magmatism in the Sarnu-Dandali complex Rajasthan: 40Ar/39Ar age evidence and geodynamic significance. Lithos, v. 284-285, pp. 512-524.
Simandl, G.J., and Paradis, S. (2018) Carbonatites: related ore deposits, resources, footprint, and exploration methods, Applied Earth Science, DOI: 10.1080/25726838.2018.1516935
Simmoneti, A., Bell, K. and Viladkar, S.G. (1995). Isotopic data from the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, West-Central India: evidence for an enriched mantle source. Chemical Geol. (Isotope Geoscience Section), v. 122, pp. 185-198.
Simmoneti, A., Goldstein, S.L., Schmidberger, S.S. and Viladkar, S.G. (1998) Geochemical and Nd-Pb and Sr isotopic data from Deccan alkaline complexes; inferences for mantle sources and plume-lithosphere interactions. Jour. Petrol., v. 39, pp. 1847-1864.
Singh, G., Sastry, C.S., Tiwary, K.N., Shirke, V.G. and Chatterjee, V.D. (1977) Status of Exploration for Atomic minerals in the Purulia District and future possibilities. Spec. Publ. Jour. Mines Met. Fuels, (Purulia Symp.), pp. 61-66.
Smith, C.B., Haggerty, S.E., Chatterjee, B., Beard, A., Townend, R. (2013) Kimberlite, lamproite, ultramafic lamprophyre, and carbonatite relationships on the Dharwar Craton, India; an example from the Khaderpet pipe, a diamondiferous ultramafic with associated carbonatite intrusion. Lithos, v. 182, pp.1 02-113.
Srinivasan, V. (1977). The carbonatites of Hogenakal, Tamil nadu, South India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 18, pp. 598-604.
Srivastava, R.K. (1997) Petrology, geochemistry and genesis of riftrelated carbonatites of Amba Dungar, India. Mineral. Petrol., v. 61, pp. 47-66.
Srivastava, R.K. (1998) Petrology of the Proterozoic alkaline carbonatite complex of Samalpatti, District Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 51, pp. 233-244.
Srivastava, R.K. (2013) Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Paleoproterozoic ultramafic lamprophyres and carbonatites from the Chitrangi region, Mahakoshal supracrustal belt, central India. Jour. Earth Syst. Sci., v. 122(3), pp. 759–776.
Srivastava, R.K. and Hall, R.P. (1995) Tectonic setting of Indian carbonatites. In: Magmatism in relation to diverse tectonic settings. R.K. Srivastava, and R. Chandra (Eds.), Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 135-154.
Srivastava, R.K., Guarino, V., Fu-YuanWu, Melluso, L., Sinha, A.K. (2019) Evidenc of sub-continental lithosphericmantle sources andopen-system crystallization processes from in-situ U–Pb ages and Nd–Sr–Hf isotope geochemistry of the Cretaceous ultramafic-alkaline-(carbonatite) intrusions fromthe Shillong Plateau, north-eastern India. Lithos, v. 330– 331, pp. 108–119.
Srivastava, R.K., Heaman, L.M., Sinha, A.K. and Shihua, S. (2005) Emplacement age and isotope geochemistry of Sung Valley alkalinecarbonatite complex, Shillong Plateau, northeastern India: implications for primary carbonate melt and genesis of the associated silicate rocks. Lithos, v. 81, pp. 33-54.
Srivastava, R.K. and Sinha, A.K. (2004) Early Cretaceous Sung Valley ultramaficalkaline-carbonatite complex, Shillong Plateau, North-eastern India: petrological and genetic significance. Mineral. Petrol., v. 80, pp. 241-263.
Srivastava, R.K. and Taylor, L.A. (1996) Carbon- and Oxygen-isotope variations in Indian carbonatites: Internat. Geol. Rev., v. 38, pp. 419–429.
Subramaniam, A.P. and Parimoo, M.L. (1963) Flourspar mineralisation related to Deccan basalt volcanism at Amba Dongar, Baroda district, Gujarat, India. Nature, v. 198, pp. 563-564.
Subramaniam, N.P. and Rao, G.V.U. (1972) Carbonatite veins of Mundwara Igneous Complex, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 13, pp. 388-391.
Subramaniam, N.P. and Rao, G.V.U. (1977) Petrography, geochemistry and origin of the carbonatite veins of Mer pluton, Mundwara igneous complex, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 18, pp. 306-322.
Subramanian, V., Viladkar, S.R. and Upendran, R. (1978) Carbonatite alkali complex of Samalpatti, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 19, pp. 206-216.
Sugavanam., E.B., Venkata Rao. V., Simhachalam, J., Nagar, S.G., and Sinha, A.K. (1976). Structure and tectonics of alkali syenite-carbonatite occurrences in parts of Dharmapuri and North Arcot districts, Tamil nadu (Abstract). Group discussion on the Carbonatite- Kimberlite complexes of India, Geol. Soc. India. p. 7
Sukheswala, R.N. and Avasia, R.K. (1972) Carbonatite-alkali complex of Panwad-Kawant, Gujarat and its bearing on the structural characteristics of the area. Bull. Volcanol., v. 35, pp. 564-578.
Sukheswala, R.N. and Borges, S.M. (1975) The carbonatite-injected sandstones of Siriwasan, Chhota Udaipur, Gujarat. Indian Jour. Earth Sci., v. 2, pp. 110.
Sukheswala, R.N. and Udas, G.R. (1963) Note on the carbonatite of Amba Dongar and its economic potentialities. Sci. and Culture, v. 29, pp. 563-568.
Sukheswala, R.N. and Viladkar, S.G. (1981) Fenitised sandstones in Amba Dongar carbonatites, Gujarat, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 22, pp. 368-374.
Sukheswala, R.N. and Viladkar, S.G. (1978) The carbonatites of India. Proceedings, 1st Int. Symp. on Carbonatites, Brazil, pp.277-293.
Treiman, A.H. and Schedl, A. (1983) Properties of Carbonatite Magma and Processes in Carbonatite Magma Chambers. Jour. Geol., v.91, pp. 437-447.
Udas, G.R. (1965) Geology of Amba Dongar area, Chhota Udaipur, Gujarat State. Ph.D thesis, Bombay University, 201p.
Udas, G.R. (1970) Fenitisation of basalts and dolerites in Amba Dongar carbonatite alkali rock complex. In: Murthy, T.V.V.G.R.K., and Rao, S. (Eds.), Prof. W.D.West Commem. Vol., Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 617-627.
Udas, G.R. (1982) Report on carbonatites of Madhya Pradesh. UN Consultant Repot for UNDP. M.P. Government document (Unpublished).
Udas, G.R. and Krishnamurthy, P. (1968) An account of a rich fluorite deposit at Hingoria, Broach district, Gujarat state. Curr. Sci., v. 37, pp .77-78.
Udas, G.R. and Krishnamurthy, P. (1970) Carbonatites of Sevathur and Jokki-patti, Madras State, India. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., v. 36 A, pp. 331-343.
Udas, G.R., Narayan Das, G.R. and Sharma, C.V. (1974) Carbonatites of India in relation to structural settings. Intl., Sem. Tectonics and Metallogeny, SE Asia and Far East. Misc. Publ. Geol. Surv. India., No. 34, Pt. II, pp. 77-95.
Veena Krishna (2000) Radiogenic and stable isotopic systematics of some Phanerozoic Indian carbonatites:implications on mantle source characteristics. Ph. D thesis. Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. 122p.
Veena, K., Pandey, B.K., Krishnamurthy, P. and Gupta, J.N. (1998) Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic systematics of the carbonatites of Sung Valley, Meghalayaa, northeast India: implications for contemporary plume-related mantle source characteristics. Jour. Petrol., v. 39(11&12), pp. 1875-1884.
Vijay Rao, V., Sain, K., Reddy, P.R. and Mooney, W.D. (2006) Crustal structure and tectonics of the northern part of the Southern Granulite Terrane, India. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 251, pp. 90–103
Viladkar, S.G. (1981) The fenitised aureole of the Newania carbonatite, Rajasthan. Geol. Magz., v. 117, pp. 285-292.
Viladkar, S.G. (1981) The carbonatites of Amba Dongar, Part 1., Gujarat, India. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, v. 53, pp. 17-28.
Viladkar, S.G. (1986) Fenitisation at the Amba Dongar carbonatite alkaline complex, India. In: Gabriel, M. (Ed.). Proc. NEMIRAM Symp., pp. 170-189.
Viladkar, S.G. (1998) Carbonatite occurrences in Rajasthan, India., Petrologia, v.6(3), pp. 295-306.
Viladkar, S.G. (2001) Carbonatites of India: an over view. In: Vladykin, N. V. (Ed.). ‘Alkaline magmatism and problems of mantle sources', Irkutsk, Russia, pp. 26l-282.
Viladkar, S.G. (2012) Evolution if calico-carbonatite magma: evidence from the sovite and alvikite association in the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, India. In: D. Panagiotaras (Ed.), Geochemistry-Earth's System Processes. INTECH, pp. 485-500.
Viladkar, S.G. (2015) Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Fenitized Nephelinites of the Amba Dongar Complex, Gujarat. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 85, pp. 87-97.
Viladkar, S.G. (2018) Ferro-carbonatites in the Amba Dongar Diatreme, Gujarat, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.92, pp. 141-144.
Viladkar, S.G. and Avasia, R.K. (1995) Carbonatites of Panwad-Kawant region, Chhota Udaipur province, Gujarat. In: Proc. National seminar on Recent Researches in Geology of Western India, Geology Department, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India, pp. 61-71.
Viladkar, S.G. and Bismayer, U. (2010) Compositional Variation in Pyrochlores of Amba Dongar Carbonatite Complex, Gujarat. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 75 pp. 495-502.
Viladkar, S.G. and Bismayer, U. (2014) U-rich Pyrochlore from Sevathur Carbonatites, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 83, pp. 175-182.
Viladkar, S.G. and Bismayer, U. and Zietlow, P. (2017) Metamict U-rich pyrochlore from Newania carbonatite, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 89, pp. 133-144.
Viladkar, S.G., and Dulski, P. (1986) Rare earth element abundances in carbonatites, alkaline rocks and fenites of the Amba Dongar complex, Gujarat, India. N. Jb. Miner. Mh., v.H.1, pp. 37-48.
Viladkar, S.G. and Gittins, J. (2016) Trace elements and REE geochemistry of Siriwasan carbonatites. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 87, pp. 709-715.
Viladkar, S.G. and Ramesh, R. (2014) Stable Isotope geochemistry of some Indian Carbonatites: Implications for magmatic processes and postemplacement hydrothermal alteration. Comunicaçíµes Geológicas, v. 101, pp. 55-62
Viladkar, S.G. and Schidlowski, M. (2000) Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, Gujarat, India. Gondwana Res., v. 3, pp. 415-424.
Viladkar, S.G., Schleicher, H. and Pawaskar, P. (1994) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Sung Valley carbonatite complex, Shillong, Meghalaya. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, pp. 499–517.
Viladkar S.G., Sorokhtina, N.V., Senin V.G. (2009) The Zr-Ti mineralization in carbonatites of the Samchampi alkaline carbonatite complex, Assam, India. XXVI Int. Conf. on Geochemistry of alkaline rocks. Moscow. http://geo.web.ru/conf/alkaline/2009/Viladkar.htm
Viladkar, S.G. and Subramanian, V. (1995) Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Carbonatites of the Sevathur and Samalpatti Complexes, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India., v. 45, pp. 505-517.
Viladkar, S.G., and Wimmenauer, W. (1986) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Newania carbonatitite-fenite complex, Rajasthan India. Neus. Jahrbuch. Miner. Abh, v. 156, pp. 1-21.
Vladykin, N.V., Viladkar, S.G., Miyazaki, T., and Ram Mohan. (2008) Geochemistry of benstonite and associated carbonatites of Sevathur, Jogipatti and Samalpatti, Tamil Nadu, South India and Murun Massif, Siberia. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 72, pp. 312-324.
Vollmer, R., Ogden, P., Schilling, J.G., Kingley, R.H. and Waggoner, D. G. (1984) Nd and Sr isotopes in ultrapotassic volcanic rocks from the Leucite Hills, Wyoming. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v. 87, pp. 359-368.
Wall, F., Le Bas, M. J., and Srivastava, R. K. (1993) Calcite and carbocernaite exsolution and cotectic textures in a Sr, REE-rich carbonatite dyke from Rajasthan, India. Mineral. Mag., v. 57, pp. 495-513.
Wallace, M. E. and Green, D.H. (1988) An experimental determination of primary carbonatite magma composition. Nature, v. 335, pp. 343-346.
Williams-Jones, A.E., Palmer, D.A.S. (2002) The evolution of aqueous-carbonic fluids in the Amba Dongar carbonatite, India: implications for fenitisation. Chemical Geol., v. 185, pp. 283–301.
Weidendorfer, D., Schmidt, M.W. and Mattsson, H.B. (2017) A common origin of carbonatite magmas. Geology. doi:10.1130/G38801.1.
Woolley, A.R. (2013) Igneous silicate rocks associated with carbonatites: their diversity, relative abundances and implications for carbonatite genesis. Per. Mineral., v. 72, Special Issue, Eurocarb, pp. 9-17
Woolley, A.R. and Kempe, D.R.C. (1989) Carbonatites: nomenclature, average chemical compositions and element distribution. In: Bell, K. (Ed.), Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 114.
Woolley, A.R., Kjarsgaard, B.A. (2008) Carbonatite occurrences of the world: Map and database. Open file 5796, Geol. Surv. Canada.
Wyllie, P.J. and Tuttle, O.F. (1960) The system CaO-CO2-H2O and the origin of carbonatites. Jour. Petrol., v. 1, pp. 1-46.
Wyllie, P.J. and Lee, W.J. (1998) Model System Controls on conditions for formation of magnesiocarbonatite and calciocarbonatite magmas from the mantle. Jour. Petrology, v. 39, pp. 1885-1893.
Yaxley, G.M. and Green, D.H. (1996) Experimental reconstruction of sodic dolomitic carbonatite melts from metasomatised lithosphere. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v. 124, pp. 359–369.
Zindler, A. and Hart, S.R. (1986) Chemical geodynamics. Annual Rev. Earth Planet. Sci, v. 14, pp. 493-571.
