Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete Lined (SFRS) Tunnel: A Himalayan Case Study
Authors
-
Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500 032
Ambika Srivastav -
Associate Professor, Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore
Neelima Satyam
-
Laboratory for Spatial Informatics, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500 032
K. S. Rajan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1957-6Keywords:
No KeywordsAbstract
The entire Himalayan arc is predicted to produce a series of significant earthquakes and the subsequent great earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and higher. A substantial amount of rock tunneling is being carried out in the Himalayan region to meet the growing demand for transportation, power, and other infrastructure projects. Earthquake forces influence the final design of the tunnel, which requires further strengthening of the concrete lining and improvement in tunnel support. Because of increasing importance, it is essential to combine the dynamic forces and displacements produced by seismic ground movements into the design stage for tunnels. In this paper, a numerical analysis has been carried out to assess the seismic performance of a proposed hydropower tunnel of 8.8m diameter (horseshoe-shape) in Uttarakhand, India. The impact of earthquakes on underground structures such as tunnels is often considered to be insignificant. However, the results of this study show how that stress from seismic loads can be damaging to the stability of the tunnel. In this study, a pseudo-static approach was adopted to assess the impact of the earthquake on the tunnel lining for the sections located in different rocks namely slate (Q=3.4), quartzite (Q=6), and dolomitic limestone (Q=5.2), respectively. Pseudo-static analysis findings suggest there is a 35% increase in the lining forces for an impact of earthquake for the tunnel section situated in Slate. Furthermore, displacements and damage-prone areas are determined to assess the damage to the tunnel, which could be helpful for rapid evaluations of potential future damage.
Downloads
Metrics
Issue
Section
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
References
Abokhalil, M. (2007) Master’s Thesis in Geosciences, Insights into the response of rock tunnels to seismicity. Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, .
Barton, N.R., Lien, R., Lunde, J. (1974) Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mech., v.4, pp.189–239.
Barton, N. (1984) Effects of rock mass deformation on tunnel performance in seismic regions. Adv. Tunneling Tech. Subsurface Use, v.4.3, pp.89-99.
Basu, S., Sharma, M.L., Narayan, J.P., Shrikhande, M. and Das, J. (2005) EQ:2005-25 Site specific earthquake parameters for Vishnugad-Pipalkoti HE project, Uttaranchal, Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Rookee
Bhasin, R., Hoeg, K., Abokhalil, M. (2008) Effect of seismicity on rock support in tunnels, World Tunnel Congress-2008.
Bilotta, E., Lanzano, G., Russo, G., Santucci de Magistris, F., Aiello, V., Conte, E.F.S. and Valentino, M. (2007) Pseudostatic and dynamic analyses of tunnels in transversal and longitudinal direction. In: Proceeding of the fourth international conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, Paper no.1550.
Carranza-Torres, C. (2004) Elasto-plastic solution of tunnel problems using the generalized form of the Hoek–Brown failure criterion. In: Hudson, J.A., Xia-Ting, F. (Eds.), Proceedings of ISRM SINOROCK 2004 Symp., China. Internat. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v.41(3), pp.480–481.
Carranza-Torres, C. (2009) Analytical and numerical study of the mechanics of rockbolt reinforcement around tunnels in rock masses. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., v.42(2), pp.175–228.
Dikmen, S.U. (2016) Response of marmaray submerged tunnel during 2014 Northern Aegean Earthquake (Mw=6.9). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Eng., v.90, pp.15-3
Dikshit, A., Satyam, N., Pradhan, B. (2019) Estimation of rainfall-induced landslides using the TRIGRS model. Earth Syst. Environ., v.3(3), pp.575-584.
Geng, P., Mei, S., Zhang, J. et al. (2019) Study on seismic performance of shield tunnels under combined effect of axial force and bending moment in the longitudinal direction. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.91, 103004
Goel, R.K. (2001) Status of tunnelling and underground construction activities and technologies in India. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.16.2, pp.63-75.
Goel, R.K., Jethwa, J.L. and Paithankar, A.G. (1995) Indian experiences with Q and RMR systems. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.10.1, pp.97-109.
Grimstad, E., Kankes, K., Bhasin, R., Magnussen, A.W. and Kaynia, A. (2002) Rock mass quality Q used in designing reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete and energy absorption. Report, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.
Hashash, Y.M.A., Hook, J.J., Schmidt, B., Yao, J.-C. (2001) Seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.16(4), pp.247-293.
Hoek, Evert, and Edwin T. Brown (1997) Practical estimates of rock mass strength. Internat. Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v.34.8, pp.1165-1186. ISRM (1981) Rock characterization testing and monitoring. ISRM suggested method. Int. Soc. Rock Mech. 211.
Jena, R., Pradhan, B. (2020) A Model for Visual Assessment of Fault Plane Solutions and Active Tectonics Analysis Using the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog. Earth Syst. Environ., v.4, pp.197–211. doi:10.1007/s41748-019-00142-9
Kiani, Majid, Tohid Akhlaghi, Abbas Ghalandarzadeh (2016) Experimental modeling of segmental shallow tunnels in alluvial affected by normal faults. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.51, pp.108-119.
Kontoe, S. et al. (2008) Case study on seismic tunnel response. Canadian Geotech. Jour., v. 45.12, pp.1743-1764.
Korup, Oliver, Alexander L. Strom, and Johannes T. Weidinger (2006) Fluvial response to large rock-slope failures: Examples from the Himalayas, the Tien Shan, and the Southern Alps in New Zealand. Geomorphology, v.78(1- 2), pp.3-21.
Lakshmanan, K. (2016) Geotechnical Investigations of Vishnugarh Pipalkoti HYDEL project, Garhwal, India, PhD Thesis.
Lee, Tae-Hyung, et al. (2016) Damage analysis of cut-and-cover tunnel structures under seismic loading. Bull. Earthquake Eng., v.14(2), pp.413-431.
Mohammadi, Mohammad, Mohammad Farouq Hossaini, and Heydar Bagloo (2017) Rock bolt supporting factor: rock bolting capability of rock mass. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., v.76(1), pp.231-239.
Ning, Youjun, et al. (2016) Advances in two-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis for rock-mass dynamics. Internat. Jour. Geomech., v.17(5), E6016001.
Panda, Malaya K., et al. (2014) Engineering geological and geotechnical investigations along the head race tunnel in Teesta Stage-III hydroelectric project, India. Eng. Geol., v.181, pp.297-308
Panthi, Krishna Kanta (2012) Evaluation of rock bursting phenomena in a tunnel in the Himalayas. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. v.71(4) 761-769.
Qiu, Wenge, et al. (2018) Seismic vulnerability analysis of rock mountain tunnel. Internat. Jour. Geomech., v.18(3), 04018002
Richards, A., Argles, T., Harris, N. et al. (2005) Himalayan architecture constrained by isotopic tracers from clastic sediments. Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., v.236, pp.773–796. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.034 Rocscience Inc. (2001). Phase2 Program reference Manual.
Roy, Nishant, Rajib Sarkar, and Shiv Dayal Bharti (2018) Prediction model for performance evaluation of tunnel excavation in blocky rock mass. Internat. Jour. Geomech., v.18(1), 04017125.
Schubert, Wulf, and Harald Lauffer (2012) NATM–from a construction method to a system/NÖT–von der Bauweise zum System. Geomechanics and Tunnelling, v.5(5), pp.455-463.
Schwanghart, W., Ryan, M., Korup (2018) Topographic and Seismic Constraints on the Vulnerability of Himalayan Hydropower. Geophys. Res. Lett. doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079173.
Sedarat, H., et al. (2009) Contact interface in seismic analysis of circular tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.24(4), pp.482-490.
Sharma, M.L., Lindholm, C. (2012) Earthquake hazard assessment for Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, including a characteristic earthquake recurrence model for the Himalaya Frontal Fault (HFF). Pure Appl. Geophys., v.169(9), pp.1601-1617.
Sivarajan, T.K. (2016) Seismic load considerations in the design of underground structures for hydropower projects in the Himalayan region. Recent Advances in Rock Engineering (RARE 2016). Atlantis Press.
Srivastav, A., and Neelima Satyam (2020) Understanding the impact of the earthquake on circular tunnels in different rock mass: a numerical approach. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, v.5(1), pp.1-9.
Sun, Q.Q., Dias, D. (2019) Assessment of stress relief during excavation on the seismic tunnel response by the pseudo-static method. Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng., v.117, pp.384-397.
Ten Thije, R.H.W. (2007) Remko Akkerman, and J. Huétink. Large deformation simulation of anisotropic material using an updated Lagrangian finite element method. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, v.196(33-34), pp.3141-3150.
Thakur, V.C., Sriram, V. and Mundepi, A.K. (2000) Seismotectonics of the great 1905 Kangra earthquake meizoseismal region in Kangra–Chamba, NW Himalaya. Tectonophysics, v.326(3-4), pp.289-298.
Tshering, T. (2011) Master’s Thesis in Geosciences,The impact of earthquake on tunnels in different rockmass quality Q: A numerical analysis. Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo
Verma, A.K., Singh, T.N. (2010) Assessment of tunnel instability–a numerical approach. Arab Jour. Geosci., v.3, pp.181–192. doi:10.1007/s12517-009-0066-9.
Verma, Mithila, Anup K. Sutar, and Bansal, B.K. (2017) Source parameters of 1 st April 2015 Chamoli earthquake (Mw 4.8) vis-à-vis seismotectonics of the region. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.89(5), pp.491-496.
Wang, Y. (1996) Ground response of circular tunnel in poorly consolidated rock. Jour Geotech. Eng., v.122, pp.703–708.
Wang, J.N., Munfakh, G.A. (2001) Seismic design of tunnels. v.57, WIT Press. Yadav, Rajeev Kumar, et al. (2019) Strong seismic coupling underneath Garhwal–Kumaun region, NW Himalaya, India. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.506, pp.8-14.
Zhao, J. (2000) Applicability of Mohr–Coulomb and Hoek–Brown strength criteria to the dynamic strength of brittle rock. International Jour. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v.37(7), pp.1115-1121.
Zou, Yan, et al. (2017) A pseudo-static method for seismic responses of underground frame structures subjected to increasing excitations. Tunnelling and Underground Space Tech., v.65, pp.106-120.
