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Foreword
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Publication Mode |
Online |
---|---|
Publication Author |
Ntin Karmalkar |
Publication Language |
English |
Publication Type |
Conference Paper |
Publication Year |
2021 |
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SKU:
C-168745
Categories: Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
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Water Resources in Goa
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
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Goa is drained by several rivers like Terekhol, Mandovi, Zuari, etc. and their tributaries, many of which show tidal influence and related saltwater intrusion. The surface water resources of the state have been assessed at about 8570 Mcum with 1465 Mcum utilizable resources (1125 Mcum surface water, 340 Mcum ground water). Presently, surface storages available are to the tune of 335.87 Mcum in the tanks, diversion structures such as bandharas, weirs, etc. The macro level surveys indicate ground water available is to the tune of 43.83 Mcum and utilization is to the tune of 33% which is considered as safe. Major and medium schemes like Salaulim, Tillari, Anjunem and minor irrigation schemes like Chapoli, Panchawadi, and Amthane irrigation projects cater to the agricultural needs of Goa State. The Sal-Amthane, Salauli-Kalay River Inter Linking Projects in Goa augmented the source to a tune of 156 lakh cubic meter. The paper discusses the water requirement and water resources management of Goa by 2051.
Water Crisis of Gujarat and Prospects in Water Sector
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
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India is a water stressed country. Regionwise scenario is different but in general surface water resources are not sufficient to fulfil the need of the country. Available sites for water storage are limited and are located in reach regions which makes it difficult to rationally distribute the available surplus water resources to the deprived regions. This compels the extraction of groundwater in the deprived regions. Even in the command areas of the dams the tail enders do not get water and hence they have to depend on groundwater. Cropping pattern has been continuously changing due to market variations and hence the regions which are not expected to grow water-intensive crops have started growing them by meeting the water demand from precious groundwater. Objective of agriculture has been changed from food production to profit-making. Urbanization and Industrialization have furthered the dependence on groundwater. The erratic rainfall sometime is the cause of depending on groundwater. In all, the reasons for dependence on groundwater are many and the overall dependence on groundwater has been at present between 50 % to 90 % in different parts of India. For last so many years that the dependence on groundwater has been on increase which has posed a serious threat of quantity and quality of water almost in the entire country and the present model of economy, agriculture and development as a whole has become a subject of reconsideration on the ground of sustainability and environmental change. The root cause of this situation is the unsustainable ways of resource management we have adopted. Gujarat is one of the most suffering states in water scarcity because of all the aforesaid factors. The objective of the paper is to discuss the issues and the probable solutions such that that the future course could be corrective and is approached early to save the future of the state and the entire country.
Surface Water Resources of Chhattisgarh: An Overview
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168763
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The Chhattisgarh state covers a total geographical area of about 135192 Sq. Km with subtropical climate, characterized by extreme summer and moderate winter having average rainfall of about 1300 mm. Physiographically, the area is characterized by three distinct landforms namely Bastar plateau in the South, the plain of Mahanadi river and its tributaries in the central part and the hills of Chhotanagpur plateau in the northern region. The major river basins in the state are Brahmani, Godavari, Ganga, Mahanadi and Narmada . The total catchment of these river basins is about 13559 kilometers. The Mahanadi Basin is the largest basin covering an area of about 76150 square kilometers out of 141589 square kilometers, nearly 4.3 percent of total geographical area of the country. Chhattisgarh has 2 percent population and 3.2 percent of total surface water resources of the country. The utilizable surface potential in the state if properly harnessed can irrigate about 4.3 million hectares area against the existing potential of 1.38 million hectare. Due to various anthropogenic activities, urbanization, industrialization etc, the quality and quantity of water have been adversely affected. The rivers Hasdeo, Indravati, Kharun, Apra etc. are polluted due to industrialization and urbanization in various parts of the Chhattisgarh. To check the pollution, proper management of solid/liquid waste of various industries is needed. Beside these, use of biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc should be promoted. Effective water management strategies combined with watershed treatments like soil conservation, afforestation, desilting of rivers, rainwater harvesting etc are needed to maintain the health of the river basins of Chhattisgarh. The Jal Shakti Abhiyan started by the Government of India is a highly welcome move in this direction.
Quality Assessment of Ground Water in Coastal Maharashtra with Special Reference to Sea Water Intrusion
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168754
₹100.00
Palghar, Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Greater Mumbai districts of Maharashtra form the Konkan Coastal belt of Maharashtra. In the coastal areas the immediate effect of high groundwater development is often sea water intrusion. Although there were sporadic studies by earlier workers (Umrikar et al., 2007, Gupta et al. 2010) into some reported isolated cases of seawater intrusion in the coastal areas, this has been a maiden attempt to decipher the extent of seawater intrusion in the entire coastal tract of Maharashtra.The area is underlain by Dharwarian meta-sediments (Lower Precambrian age), Deccan Trap lava flows (Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age), Laterites (Pleistocene age) and Coastal alluvial deposits (Recent to Sub-Recent age). Groundwater occurs under phreatic condition in the Coastal and riverine alluvium, laterites and weathered/fractured rocks. The area has been covered by systematic hydrogeological surveys, reappraisal Surveys and groundwater monitoring by CGWB. in these formations depth to water levels range from 0.6 m bgl to 8.07 m bgl. Groundwater is mildly alkaline with pH range of 6.9 to 9.0. Electrical conductivity ranges from 61 to 29370 ?S/cm at 25?C. Only two Samples from Dapoli in Raigad district show EC values higher than 3000 ?S/cm at 25?C. In general, water quality is good and suitable for domestic use and irrigation. In order to confirm the sea water intrusion, ionic ratios like Na:Cl, and Cl:CO3 + HCO3, were computed. From the analysis it is found that about 2 to 10 km wide coastal belt and the inland tidal backwaters are affected by salinity intrusion. It is revealed that about 55% of the analysed samples have indicated salinity ingress. The extent of sea water intrusion is more in the southern part progressively diminishing towards northern area. The maximum effect is observed in Sindhudurg district followed by Ratnagiri, Raigad, Palghar and Greater Mumbai.Over-exploitation of groundwater in pockets and diminishing seaward freshwater flow in the rivers are the major reasons for sea water ingression. Regulation of groundwater development in the coastal area and areas adjacent to estuaries, maintaining adequate stream flow, stopping of riverbed sand mining, construction of tidal regulators at suitable places and creation of fresh water barrier through rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge are essential to control further sea water intrusion in the area.
Surface and Ground Water Resources of Maharashtra: Status, Management, Governance Issues, and Future Policy
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168751
₹100.00
Air, Solar energy, Land, and Water are the four life support systems of which, only ?Water? is amenable for its development and management to meet human needs of water. Water Resource Development structures had to be compatible to the characteristics of ?Water Resource?. With the advancement of civilization, ingenuity of man prompted him to evolve different types and sizes of infrastructure to meet changing patterns and increasing magnitude of water demand. It also stressed the need to have an integrated approach in such development. Subsequently as a soft option, improvement in management of infrastructure was the next logical step. As the issue of complexities in the competing and conflicting demands on water surfaced prominently, need for taking a holistic approach towards them was thought of and there emerged the viable solution in the form of better governance of water resources. An attempt has been made here in below to present evolution of all these developments by citing a case study of Maharashtra State in the Peninsular India. It mentions at the end a ?Vision Statement? for the future development of the State in the water sector and an outline of future planning and policies which need to be adopted. In conclusion it states a framework of desirable actions to be taken in future, to transform the ?Vision? into a reality.
Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Potential of Goa using an Indexing Approach (Abhesht & Galdit Models)
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168768
₹100.00
Chemical quality of surface and groundwater of an area is influenced by the climate, hydrological conditions, soil characteristics and geological formation. Irrespective of their source, all natural waters contain some chemical constituents and their quality changes progressively as they traverse over the land surface or infiltrate downward due to various hydro-geochemical processes. Anthropogenic factors also contribute substantially towards quality change of both surface water and ground water. In the present study an attempt has been made to understand the aquifer vulnerability to pollution, at the regional scale (Goa State), which takes into account the intrinsic hydraulic and hydrogeological parameters and environmental impacts. It is noticed that a variety of activities, such as agricultural, industrial and urban land uses, are carried out in the area, thus exposing the aquifers to a wide range of contaminants. Groundwater quality data of Goa state for the pre-monsoon seasons of 2014 and 2018 were obtained from CGWB (Bengaluru) and analysed statistically. A regional scale approach was developed which is known as ABHESHT (Aquifer type, Boundary conditions, Hydraulic Head representing static water level, Environmental impact, Solute concentration, Head variation (Water Table Fluctuation) during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and Transmissivity). The method has been applied to Goa State, west coast of India and compared with the observed groundwater quality parameters. It is found that the model has successfully delineated the wells which are prone to pollution. Using GALDIT model, seawater intrusion impact was also assessed. The study revealed that the groundwater of Goa State did not show any significant pollution indicator, however, seasonal variations in water quality parameters were observed. It is also found that the North Goa coast as well as the other tourist spots spread over the entire state show signs of pollution at various locations (Anjuna. Baga, Mapusa. Concona etc). This calls for immediate attention from the concerned authorities.
Sustainable Development and Management of Groundwater of Chhattisgarh: An Overview
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168765
₹100.00
In general, Chhattisgarh state is underlain by hard rocks with limited groundwater potentials. But decline of rainfall in most parts of the state is limiting surface water resources too. Agriculture is mostly rainfed, paddy being the main crop in the state. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation and a major source of drinking water. Cavernous limestones/dolomites form the most potential aquifers yielding up to 50 lps as in Bastar, Baloda Bazar and Bilaspur districts. Proposal for construction of energized irrigation dug/bore wells under PMKSY-HKKP-GW scheme in 109 blocks (stage of extraction within 60%) of 7 aspirational districts will enhance ground water irrigation of 7467 ha land. The stage of extraction has already escalated from 5.11% (1990) to 44.43% (2017) which will be escalated further with ongoing and future development programs. The State should undertake conservation of groundwater through regulation, protection and augmentation of the water resources by implementing rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge, along with adoption of rainfed agriculture, drip or sprinkler irrigation, pricing policy for commercial ground water extraction, exploration and planned development of yet unknown aquifers through exploratory drilling aided by remote sensing, geophysics . Based on declining groundwater level trends areas totalling 16,410 sq. km have been demarcated for rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge creating sub-surface ground water storage potential of 1030.11 MCM and an additional irrigation potential of 148430 ha. Further, groundwater pollution from geogenic and anthropogenic sources like high fluoride, arsenic, uranium, sulphate, nitrate as in Rajnandgaon, Durg, Bilaspur, Raipur and Kwardha districts is also a potential threat to the utilisable resources.This paper attempts at a holistic overview of sustainable development and management of ground water resources of the state considering the huge hydrogeological, geophysical and chemical database in the state.
Strategies for Ground Water Resources Management to Facilitate Water Security in Gujarat
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168756
₹100.00
As per the assessment of the dynamic ground water resource in Gujarat the utilsable ground water resources have been assessed as 24905 MCM, after providing for natural discharge (March 2021). The annual ground water draft is 13296 MCM. The Stage of ground water development works out to be about 53%. However, this is not uniform across the state. The stage of development is exceedingly high in North Gujarat and Kachchh regions. Highly intensive development of ground water in these areas has resulted in over - exploitation leading to the decline of ground water levels, deterioration in the ground water quality and sea water intrusion in the coastal areas. The paper presents existing scenario of various supply and demand side interventions implemented in the state with their impact. Recommendations for various interventions necessary for sustainable ground water management have been made with particular emphasis on use of scientific inputs from the supply as well as demand side interventions to the community participation in planning, implementing and monitoring.
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